When is it biological control? A framework of definitions, mechanisms, and classifications

Abstract Biological control , or biocontrol is the exploitation of living agents (incl. viruses) to combat pestilential organisms pathogens, pests, and weeds) for diverse purposes provide human benefits. Thus, during last century practices concepts involved have evolved in separate streams associated with distinct scientific taxonomic disciplines. In parallel developments, there been increasing references biological industrial contexts legislation, resulting conceptual terminological disintegration. The aim this paper a global platform that facilitates future development field. We review use previously suggested terms key fields (e.g., phytopathology, entomology, weed science), eliminate redundant terminology, identify three principles should underpin concept, then present new framework control, rooted seminal publications. establish (1) only can mediate (2) always targets pest, directly indirectly, (3) all methods be classified four main categories depending on whether resident are utilized, without targeted intervention ( conservation natural respectively) added permanent temporary establishment classical augmentative respectively). Correct identification what is, not, help efforts understand optimize pest environmental may contribute more uniform appropriate regulatory approaches efficient authorization application products.